Solar energy as an alternative energy source Essay

Solar energy as an alternative energy source - Essay Example (uk.news.yahoo.com 2011) Solar energy is more abundant, less exhaustible, and a more population free than any other source. Active and passive solar energy types are the major ones. The active systems are those that capture, stores, and distribute that energy from the sun. Passive systems provide the avenues for the sun to enter and they rely on natural airflow to provide distribution. (Goel, 2005 p109) The active solar system includes a collector, a storage mechanism and a distribution device. This type of the solar system has overcome the age-old problem of solar concept wholly. It is the most needed when the sun is not shinning at right for example, the storage area is usually water such as, an indoor swimming pool, stores or bricks located in the basement. The heat can be distributed as the need arises and it is extracted by means of pumps or fans, depending on the storage method. A passive solar system is not expensive as active system because it has only a device for collection which consists of a south facing solar panel that collects the sun rays. The method is effective in greenhouses and homes equipped with another back up heat source. The construction technique is followed to ensure heat is held once captured. Passive solar energy are used to heat water, grain, distilled water and also used in cooking. According to (Smith and Taylor, 2008 p2), the latest development with the solar energy concerns converting the sun rays that is, radiant energy, into electric energy. The second thermodynamics law states that heat is usually lost when we change the form of energy. The research indicates that 99% of radiant energy from the sun is lost in form of heat leaving the earth’s surface. The main goal of using solar energy to produce electrical energy is to use more efficiently the escaped heat of the sun. There is a more indirect method of converting the solar energy to electrical power. More research is being conducted lately on the direct conversion of sunlight to electricity by the use of solar cells. These solar cells are in need of more development before they are readily available to the public. The solar energy supply is unlimited and the supply is also renewable. The reliance of fossils fuel thus indirect population by the amount of solar produced can be reduced. Solar is a necessity because of the demand increase on the traditional energy and also the increasing costs relating to such an increase. There is no population generated as a result of its use. Every watt of power generated from the sun reduces the population thus solar energy is an excellent alternative energy. Other than the costs of manufacturing of the component, their purchasing and the installation costs, there are no other costs that are associated with the use after the initial investment outlay. To meet the needs, the electric solar system can be expanded by installation of more panels. It is notable that the demand of fossil fuels that is oil and natural gas decreases as the usage solar energy increases. Other advantages of alternative sources of energy is solar electric system can eliminate greenhouses gas emissions by an amount of 18tons. The solar energy can be used for the remote applications, heat water and space heating. (Craddock David, 2008 p 13) Solar energy as an alternative source of energy has various disadvantages too. Solar energy projects that are Large scale commercial involves a large area of land and involves

Muslim women do not receive equal treatment with men Essay Example for Free

Muslim women do not receive equal treatment with men Essay Some westerners think Muslim women do not receive equal treatment with men. In fact, the aim of Islam is quite the opposite. Examine and comment on this claim in the context of a multicultural society. Why is it that western consciousness perceives Islam in such deeply flawed terms? Why are negative images of Islam more prevalent than any others? Why is it still acceptable to say things about Muslims that would simply be deemed unacceptable of Jews, Christians, or Buddhists? That years of inter-faith dialogue have done little to advance a better understanding of the Islamic faith in the western world is an indication of how profoundly entrenched in the West misrepresentations and vulgar stereotypes of Islam are. The western society generally views itself as the source of womens liberation, and feminists seem to have an obligation to broaden their rights to the eastern oppressed women. West sees the veil as a stumbling block and feels if they were to remove it would it would gain freedom for these women. These views have misunderstood the status of women in Islam and have been publicized in the media. Britain regards itself as giving equal rights to men and women Although in Britain latest studies have shown that men are paid more than women to carry out the same task. Surveys have shown that employers would rather employ men than women with the same qualifications. There are hardly any women politicians in comparison to men but Muslim women like Khaleda Zia of Bangladesh, have ruled over 300 hundred million Muslims in the 1990s and now is currently being ruled by another women. Benazir Bhutto had been the president of Pakistan. There has essentially never been a female president in the United States till this present time. The extent of a religions efficiency depends on what resolution to controversial issues like that of women is presented. Islam has provided the most practical outline of social organization, according to the natural and physical capabilities of both men and women. However other civilisations and faiths prior to Islam dealt with this matter as well, Aristotle and many other Greek philosophers argued that women were not fully human and this view was accepted in the catholic churches. St Thomas Aquinas another philosopher later put forward his view of the earlier Greek philosopher proposing that women were the traps of Satan. Every evil caused in humanity was likely from them. This idea was accepted throughout the middle ages. Men were the only ones who had rights before the law they could buy, sell and own a property. Up to this present time male Jews still recite, Blessed art thou our lord, our God king of the universe that I was not born a female(Alan Unterman, Jews: their Religious beliefs and practices,1981, page 140). Also in Judaism, the Talmud states Woe to the man whose children are female (Ibid, Page 133) In pre Islamic Arabia women were treated like commodities, object desire that were bought and sold like cattle. Some of them were even made to dance naked in the vicinity of the Kaaba during annual festivals. In those times a man could have as many wives as he desired and women were inherited if widowed from father to son. Arabs used to bury their female children alive at birth, and treat women as mere chattels and objects of sexual pleasure possessing no rights or position whatsoever, these teachings of the Noble Quran were revolutionary. Unlike other religions, which regarded women as being possessed of inherent sin and wickedness and men as being possessed of inherent virtue and nobility, Islam regards men and women as being of the same essence created from a single soul. The Quran declares: O you who believe! You are forbidden to inherit women against their will. Nor should you treat them with harshness, that you may take away part of the dowry you have given them except when they have become guilty of open lewdness. On the contrary live with them on a footing of kindness and equity. If you take a dislike to them, it may be that you dislike something and Allah will bring about through it a great deal of good. (4:19) O mankind! Reverence your Guardian-Lord, who created you from a single person, created, of like nature, his mate, and from this pair scattered (like seeds) countless men and women. Reverence Allah, through whom you demand your mutual (rights), and reverence the wombs (that bore you); for Allah ever watches over you. (4:1) Spiritually men and women are equal. They are created out of identical spiritual material. (According to some old Christians thinkers) so therefore if women are sinful so are the men because they are identical. In Islam there is absolutely no difference between men and women as far as their relationship to Allah is concerned, as both are promised the same reward for good conduct and the same punishment for evil conduct. The Quran says: And for women are rights over men similar to those of men over women. (2:226) The Quran, in addressing the believers, often uses the expression, believing men and women to emphasize the equality of men and women in regard to their respective duties, rights, virtues and merits. It says: For Muslim men and women, for devout men and women, for true men and women, for men and women who are patient and constant, for men and women who humble themselves, for men and women who give in charity, for men and women who fast, for men and women who guard their chastity, and for men and women who engage much in Allahs praise, for them has Allah prepared forgiveness and great reward. (33:35) Enter into Paradise, you and your wives, with delight. (43:70) Who so does that which is right, and believes, whether male or female, him or her will We quicken to happy life. (16:97) The Quran admonishes those men who oppress or ill-treat women: The Prophet of Islam (peace be upon him) said, Women are the twin halves of men. The Quran emphasizes the essential unity of men and women in a most beautiful simile: They (your wives) are your garment and you are a garment for them. (2:187) the ideal relationship between husband and wife is graphically described in the above verse. Just as a garment hides our nakedness, so do husband and wife, by entering into the relationship of marriage, secure each others chastity. The garment gives comfort to the body; so does the husband find comfort in his wifes company and she in his. The garment is the grace, the beauty, the embellishment of the body, so too are wives to their husbands as their husbands are to them. Islam does not consider woman an instrument of the Devil, but rather the Quran calls her musanat a fortress against Satan because a good woman, by marrying a man, helps him keep to the path of rectitude in his life. It is for this reason that marriage was considered by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) as a most virtuous act. He said: When a man marries, he has completed one half of his religion. He enjoined matrimony on Muslims by saying: Marriage is part of my way and whoever keeps away from my way is not from me (i.e. is not my follower). The Quran has given the raison dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½tre of marriage in the following words: And among His signs is this that He has created for you mates from among yourselves, that you may dwell in tranquility with them; and He has put love and mercy between you. Verily in that are signs for those who reflect. (30:21) The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) was full of praise for virtuous and chaste women. He said: The world and all things in the world are precious but the most precious thing in the world is a virtuous woman. He once told the future khalif, Umar: Shall I not inform you about the best treasure a man can hoard? It is a virtuous wife who pleases him whenever he looks towards her, and who guards herself when he is absent from her. On other occasions the Prophet said: The best property a man can have is a remembering tongue (about Allah), a grateful heart and a believing wife who helps him in his faith. And again: The world, the whole of it, is a commodity and the best of the commodities of the world is a virtuous wife. The Prophet (peace be upon him) was most emphatic in enjoining upon Muslims to be kind to their women when he delivered his famous khutba on the Mount of Mercy at Arafat in the presence of one hundred and twenty-four thousand of his Companions who had gathered there for the Hajj al-Wada (Farewell Pilgrimage). In it he ordered those present, and through them all those Muslims who were to come later, to be respectful and kind towards women. He said: Fear Allah regarding women. Verily you have married them with the trust of Allah, and made their bodies lawful with the word of Allah. You have got (rights) over them, and they have got (rights) over you in respect of their food and clothing according to your means. One who makes efforts (to help) the widow or a poor person is like a mujahid (warrior) in the path of Allah, or like one who stands up for prayers in the night and fasts in the day. These aspects were much emphasized by the Prophet (peace be upon him). He exhorted men to marry women of piety and women to be faithful to their husbands and kind to their children. He said: Among my followers the best of men are those who are best to their wives, and the best of women are those who are best to their husbands. To each of such women is set down a reward equivalent to the reward of a thousand martyrs. Among my followers, again, the best of women are those who assist their husbands in their work, and love them dearly for everything, Islam, as a religion recognizes mens and womens role as different but, however it certainly does not regard them as superior or inferior than one or the other. Both roles are as important as each other. Islam has been designed to be flexible enough to be interpreted in a variety of ways to cover a variety of cultures, times, contexts, individual personalities. both men and women should dress (in public) in a manner that will de-accentuate their sexuality1. The Surah an-Nur says: Tell the believing men to lower their eyes and guard their private parts Tell the believing women to lower their eyes, guard their private parts and not display their charms except what is apparent outwardly (an-Nur 24:30-31). O Prophet! Tell thy wives and thy daughters, as well as all (other) believing women, that they should draw over themselves some of their outer garments (when in public): this will be more conducive to their being recognized (as decent women) and not annoyed. But (withal,) God is indeed much-forgiving, a dispenser of grace! (al-Ahzab 33:59, Asad transl.) The spirit of this ayat is to dress in a manner that will signal unavailability. The reason why another ayat (an-Nur 24:60) is crucial in gaining a broad overview of the Quranic concept of appropriate dress is that it implies that women should wear in public more than what they would wear in private, in front of their intimates their families. So this leads to three basic points in considering how to dress: a) the universal idea of de-sexualized dress b) the time and context specific concept of being identifiable as a Muslim c) that before she reaches old age (and preferably after) a Muslim woman should wear more in public than she would privately in front of family. As long as these three injunctions are met, there is a wide range of options open to the Muslim woman depending on the context of the society in which she lives and moves in public. Today, Muslim womens dress has been politicized and carries with it many conflicting symbols and meanings; perhaps the most visible is the use of head covering as a confrontation against western colonialism. Muslim woman has to have the right and freedom to choose how she interprets her dress code. This fundamental acknowledgement of her instinctive ability to choose (or not) the path of Allah (swt) is more important than any type of specifics about what constitutes hijab (or appropriate covering of the body). Without this freedom to interpret Islam to the best of her ability (a part of which, of course, is seeking the informed opinions of knowledgeable Muslims in order to educate herself) she is not living up to her potential as a human being, and that is more fundamental than what clothes are being worn. As the Quran says: There is no compulsion in matter of faith. Distinct is the way of guidance now from error (Al-Baqarah 2:256, A.Ali translation) The queen of her house, is the position a true believer is expected to give his wife. In contrast to these enlightened teachings of Islam in respect of women, Western talk of womens liberation or emancipation is actually a disguised form of exploitation of her body, deprivation of her honor, and degradation of her soul! Islam has given the highest position to women on earth, while Europe and the west were wallowing in the dregs of degradation and savagery. Islam had accorded women a position of honour, respect, safety and love, which has not yet been matched to this day, let alone being superseded and excelled. When questioned about status one must consider Muslim womens rights in the field of finance. A Muslim woman has the right to full ownership and disposal of wealth at will. This right was granted to her about 1423 years ago whilst Britain, women didnt have this right untill1860s. Her father if she was unmarried must provide for a Muslim woman or by her husband if married; however rich she may be, she is not responsible for domestic expenses. This is one of many privileges given to women. The Holy Prophet (Sallallaahu Alayhi Wasallam) said, The searching of knowledge is incumbent for every Muslim (male and female).Women should pursue their education as far as it is possible. One of the main aims of acquiring knowledge in Islam is to become Allah-conscious. In the history of Islam there were women who were narrators of Hadith, mystics, scholars, writers, poets and teachers, in their own right. They utilized their knowledge within certain precepts of Islam. The west has fabricated many myths that Muslim women are not allowed to work. These myths have no basis in Islamic law. It is natural in Islamic societies for there to be a female doctors and teachers. However, she is not required to participate in trade, vocation or professions unless necessary. A woman must receive her husbands approval in order to work, because he may feel that her work will cause her to neglect her matrimonial duties and care of the children Muslim women just like the men are prohibited from taking on jobs that sell her femininity to make money (dancing, prostitution, modeling etc) even if her husband doesnt mind. Apart from those jobs that are prohibited in Islam all others are lawful. A women is entitled to equal pay of equal work of equal value, this concept was established by Islam centuries ago. Although a woman can inherit from her father, children and husbands when before Islam she could not inherit at all, the rate of her inheritance is half that of a man. In order to requisite this apparent unfairness, Islam gives women many privileges e.g. dowry which is obligatory and is her own. Quran says: And give women their dowries as a free gift (4:4) A woman has the right to choose who she marries and shouldnt be forced to marry anyone with out her wish. She can even have her marriage annulled in a court of law if she can prove that her parents/guardians went ahead with it against her will. Yet there is a resounding silence when the issue being raised is Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), honor killings, forced marriages, the unequal application of hadd punishments on women, or the denial of education to girls and women. All of these wrongs are perpetrated on women in the name of Islam. Genital mutilation for females is not allowed in Islam? Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him clearly prohibited mutilation or maiming of the body. While it is true that many of these violations occur across cultural and religious boundaries, the only action often taken by conservative Muslims is a condemnation of the action because it is cultural and not Islamic. Meanwhile, women continue to be murdered and little girls continue to be mutilated. Polygamy is a misunderstood phenomenon that is more a remedial law in Islam than anything else, used only if necessary. Monotheism is a norm in Muslim societies past and present, and one must remember that prior to Islam, men could have as many wives as they desired. so much that many women were deserted for long periods of time. The verse in the quran that legitimates polygamy was revealed after the battle of uhud, when many widows and orphans were left without care. Hence at the time polygamy was the answer. Although in some extreme circumstances e.g.when the wife is a barren, seriously ill, and mentally unstable or has a bad character. In these cases a man can marry again if he feels the presence of the second wife will benefit the wife, the children or him. However Islam insist that the man treat both wives equally in every aspect possible.The quran says: If you fear that you will not be able to deal justly with orphans, marry women of your choice , two or three or four; but if you fear that you will not be able to deal justly with them, then only one (4:3) Islam recognizes that marriages are sacred and are a civil contract between husband and wife which should work or be dismantled if it ceases to do so. Although Islam permits divorce the prophet (pbuh) says: Of all the things that Islam has permitted, divorce is the most hated by Allah. This shows divorce shouldnt be taken lightly. Divorce is a right mainly available to men (although a woman can demand to have it in a marriage contract). As well When Islam discusses the deficiencies of women; it is neither insulting them nor belittling them. Some men, unfortunately, do precisely that when they quote the words of the Prophet (peace be upon him) that women have a deficiency in their intellect and their religion. They take these words out of context as a means of oppressing women and putting them down. The Prophet (peace be upon him) meant something quite different. He said: I have never seen among those who have a deficiency in their intellect and their religion anyone more capable than women of swaying the intellect of the most determined of men. He is actually asserting here the power of women to influence men and sway their opinion. This is one of the distinctions that women, in their natures, have. He then went on to define precisely what he meant by these deficiencies. In the remainder of the hadà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½th, some women asked him: O Messenger of Allah, what is this deficiency in our intelligence and religion? He replied: Isnt it that a womans testimony as a witness is half of the testimony of man? They said: Yes. He said: This, then, is the deficiency in her intelligence. Isnt it true that when she is in her menses, she leaves off prayers and fasting? They said: Yes. He said: This is the deficiency in her religion. Therefore to every male witness there need to be two female witnesses also because of their lack of knowledge and experience women are not preferred to be positioned as judges in Islam. There is no specific directive of the Shari`ah that prohibits a woman from leading prayers. Therefore, we cannot say that Islam prohibits a woman from leading prayers. The matter actually relates to the general practice of the Prophet (pbuh), which was subsequently followed by the Muslim leaders that followed the Prophet (pbuh). This practice of the Prophet (pbuh) as well as the Muslim leaders, who followed him, subsequently became a part of the social traditions of the Muslims. Thus, it is not a directive of the Shari`ah, but a part of the Muslim cultural tradition that men, rather than women should lead prayers. This gender-based distinction, it seems, has its basis on a few important facts. For instance, although the Prophet (pbuh) encouraged Muslim women to come to the mosques to offer their obligatory prayers with the congregation, yet it was not as strong a directive for them, as it was for the Muslim men. The nature and the variance of the Prophet (pbuh)s directive has generally resulted in a lower number of Muslim women being present in mosques, as compared to men. In many places, women are not even seen (even in lower numbers) in mosques. Thus, especially when the over whelming majority of people present in mosques consists of men, it was natural that a man was appointed as the Imam to lead the prayers. Moreover, because the Imam holds a central position in the mosque and naturally becomes the center of attention for all those who are present, it seemed a better decision that a man, rather than a woman, be appointed for this position. We obviously do not have any control over the thoughts and emotions of all those present in the mosque. Thus, to keep the minds clear of any sexual thoughts, especially in the mosques, it was felt more appropriate to appoint a man as the Imam. These are a few of the points that have played a role in the general acceptance of this socio-cultural tradition among the Muslims. The matter, as I have stated earlier does not pertain to any prohibition of the Shari`ah. Women are very capable of taking on any job previously monopolized by men, said Ms Hindi, a former English literature student at a college in Mecca, her home town. Women not allowed to drive cars in Saudi Arabia because of the ban on women driving in Saudi Arabia was made official only in 1990 after 47 women demonstrated against what was then a customary law by driving a convoy of cars in Riyadh. They were arrested and detained until male relatives signed undertakings that they would not violate the ban again. The ban was made official by a fatwa issued by the Council of Senior Ulama (religious scholars). Women driving leads too many evils . . . included among these is her mixing with men without her being on her guard, the fatwa said. O Messenger of Allah, who is the person who has the greatest right on me with regards to kindness and attention? He replied, Your mother. Then who? He replied, Your mother. Then who? He replied, Your mother. Then who? He replied, Your father. In another tradition, the Prophet advised a believer not to join the war against the Quraish in defense of Islam, but to look after his mother, saying that his service to his mother would be a cause of his salvation. Muawiyah, the son of Jahimah, reported that Jahimah came to the Prophet (peace be upon him) and said, Messenger of Allah! I want to join the fighting (in the path of Allah) and I have come to seek your advice. He said, Then remains in your mothers service, because Paradise is under her feet. The Prophets followers accepted his teachings and brought about a revolution in their social attitude towards women. They no longer considered women as mere chattels, but as an integral part of society. For the first time women were given the right to have a share in inheritance. In the new social climate, women rediscovered themselves and became highly active members of society rendering useful service during the wars which the pagan Arabs forced on the emerging Muslim umma. They carried provisions for the soldiers, nursed them, and even fought alongside them if it was necessary. It became a common sight to see women helping their husbands in the fields, carrying on trade and business independently, and going out of their homes to satisfy their needs. Among my followers the best of men are those who are best to their wives, and the best of women are those who are best to their husbands. To each of such women is set down a reward equivalent to the reward of a thousand martyrs. Among my followers, again, the best of women are those who assist their husbands in their work, and love them dearly for everything, save what is a transgression of Allahs laws. The Shariah regards women as the spiritual and intellectual equals of men. The Shariah requires a man, as head of the family, to consult with his family and then to have the final say in decisions concerning it. In doing so he must not abuse his prerogative to cause any injury to his wife. The word of the Prophet (peace be upon him), the queen of her house, and this is the position a true believer is expected to give his wife. In contrast to these enlightened teachings of Islam in respect of women, Western talk of womens liberation or emancipation is actually a disguised form of exploitation of her body, deprivation of her honour, and degradation of her soul! Manji is lesbian and has adamantly argued that the condemnation of homosexuality by most strains of traditional Islam is at odds with Quranic doctrine that Allah makes excellent everything which He creates. Her partner is Michelle Douglas, a Canadian activist. Manji has been a vocal critic of orthodox Islam, especially that treatment of women by some Muslims. She does not wear a headscarf or chador whereas most traditional Muslim women do observe the hijab. She has criticized the Palestinian leadership and the opinions of some Muslims about Israel. WOMEN IN THE QURAN AND THE SUNNAH Prof. Abdur Rahman I. Doi Professor and Director, Center for Islamic Legal Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaira, Nigeria. In Islam there is absolutely no difference between men and women as far as their relationship to Allah is concerned, as both are promised the same reward for good conduct and the same punishment for evil conduct. The Quran says: And for women are rights over men similar to those of men over women. (2:226) The Quran, in addressing the believers, often uses the expression, believing men and women to emphasize the equality of men and women in regard to their respective duties, rights, virtues and merits. It says: For Muslim men and women, for believing men and women, for devout men and women, for true men and women, for men and women who are patient and constant, for men and women who humble themselves, for men and women who give in charity, for men and women who fast, for men and women who guard their chastity, and for men and women who engage much in Allahs praise, for them has Allah prepared forgiveness and great reward. (33:35) Enter into Paradise, you and your wives, with delight. (43:70) Who so does that which is right, and believes, whether male or female, him or her will We quicken to happy life. (16:97) The Quran admonishes those men who oppress or ill-treat women: The Prophet of Islam (peace be upon him) said, Women are the twin halves of men. The Quran emphasizes the essential unity of men and women in a most beautiful simile: They (your wives) are your garment and you are a garment for them. (2:187) Just as a garment hides our nakedness, so do husband and wife, by entering into the relationship of marriage, secure each others chastity. The garment gives comfort to the body; so does the husband find comfort in his wifes company and she in his. The garment is the grace, the beauty, the embellishment of the body, so too are wives to their husbands as their husbands are to them. Islam does not consider woman an instrument of the Devil, but rather the Quran calls her muhsana a fortress against Satan because a good woman, by marrying a man, helps him keep to the path of rectitude in his life. It is for this reason that marriage was considered by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) as a most virtuous act. He said: When a man marries, he has completed one half of his religion. He enjoined matrimony on Muslims by saying: Marriage is part of my way and whoever keeps away from my way is not from me (i.e. is not my follower). The Quran has given the raison dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½tre of marriage in the following words: And among His signs is this that He has created for you mates from among yourselves, that you may dwell in tranquility with them; and He has put love and mercy between you. Verily in that are signs for those who reflect. (30:21) The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) was full of praise for virtuous and chaste women. He said: The world and all things in the world are precious but the most precious thing in the world is a virtuous woman. He once told the future khalif, Umar: Shall I not inform you about the best treasure a man can hoard? It is a virtuous wife who pleases him whenever he looks towards her, and who guards herself when he is absent from her. On other occasions the Prophet said: The best property a man can have is a remembering tongue (about Allah), a grateful heart and a believing wife who helps him in his faith. And again: The world, the whole of it, is a commodity and the best of the commodities of the world is a virtuous wife. The Prophet (peace be upon him) was most emphatic in enjoining upon Muslims to be kind to their women when he delivered his famous khutba on the Mount of Mercy at Arafat in the presence of one hundred and twenty-four thousand of his Companions who had gathered there for the Hajj al-Wada (Farewell Pilgrimage). In it he ordered those present, and through them all those Muslims who were to come later, to be respectful and kind towards women. He said: Fear Allah regarding women. Verily you have married them with the trust of Allah, and made their bodies lawful with the word of Allah. You have got (rights) over them, and they have got (rights) over you in respect of their food and clothing according to your means. One who makes efforts (to help) the widow or a poor person is like a mujahid (warrior) in the path of Allah, or like one who stands up for prayers in the night and fasts in the day. O Messenger of Allah, who is the person who has the greatest right on me with regards to kindness and attention? He replied, Your mother. Then who? He replied, Your mother. Then who? He replied, Your mother. Then who? He replied, Your father. In another tradition, the Prophet advised a believer not to join the war against the Quraish in defense of Islam, but to look after his mother, saying that his service to his mother would be a cause of his salvation. Muawiyah, the son of Jahimah, reported that Jahimah came to the Prophet (peace be upon him) and said, Messenger of Allah! I want to join the fighting (in the path of Allah) and I have come to seek your advice. He said, Then remain in your mothers service, because Paradise is under her feet. The Prophets followers accepted his teachings and brought about a revolution in their social attitude towards women. They no longer considered women as a mere chattels, but as an integral part of society. For the first time women were given the right to have a share in inheritance. In the new social climate, women rediscovered themselves and became highly active members of society rendering useful service during the wars which the pagan Arabs forced on the emerging Muslim umma. They carried provisions for the soldiers, nursed them, and even fought alongside them if it was necessary. It became a common sight to see women helping their husbands in the fields, carrying on trade and business independently, and going out of their homes to satisfy their needs. Among my followers the best of men are those who are best to their wives, and the best of women are those who are best to their husbands. To each of such women is set down a reward equivalent to the reward of a thousand martyrs. Among my followers, again, the best of women are those who assist their husbands in their work, and love them dearly for everything, save what is a transgression of Allahs laws. The Shariah regards women as the spiritual and intellectual equals of men. The Shariah requires a man, as head of the family, to consult with his family and then to have the final say in decisions concerning it. In doing so he must not abuse his prerogative to cause any injury to his wife. The words of the Prophet (peace be upon him), the queen of her house, and this is the position a true believer is expected to give his wife. In contrast to these enlightened teachings of Islam in respect of women, Western talk of womens liberation or emancipation is actually a disguised form of exploitation of her body, deprivation of her honour, and degradation of her soul! http://www.allaahuakbar.net/womens/rights_of_women_guaranteed_by_islam.htm A COLLECTION OF REFERENCES FROM THE QURAN AND HADEETH ABOUT THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN GUARANTEED BY ISLAM Spiritual Equality of Women and Men Allah has got ready forgiveness and tremendous rewards for the Muslim men and women; the believing men and women; the devout men and women; the truthful men and women; the patiently suffering men and women; the humble men and women; the almsgiving men and women; the fasting men and women, the men and women who guard their chastity; and the men and women who are exceedingly mindful of Allah. (Al-Ahzab 33:35) Attitudes towards women O ye who believe! Ye are forbidden to inherit women against their will. Nor should ye treat them with harshness, that ye may take away part of the dower ye have given them,-except where they have been guilty of open lewdness; on the contrary live with them on a footing of kindness and equity. If ye take a dislike to them it may be that ye dislike a thing, and Allah brings about through it a great deal of good. (An-Nisa 4:19) Collaboration and consultation The believing men and women, are associates and helpers of each other. They (collaborate) to promote all that is beneficial and discourage all that is evil; to establish prayers and give alms, and to obey Allah and his Messenger. Those are the people whom Allah would grant mercy. Indeed Allah is Mighty and Wise. (Al-Taubah 9:71) Womens Right to Attend Mosques Narrated Ibn Umar: The Prophet (p.b.u.h) said, Allow women to go to the Mosques at night. (Bukhari Volume 2, Book 13, Number 22) Ibn Umar reported: The Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said: Do not deprive women of their share of the mosques, when they seek permission from you. Bilal said: By Allah, we would certainly prevent them. Abdullah said: I say that the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said it and you say: We would certainly prevent them! (Sahih Muslim Book 004, Number 0891) The Common Performance of Ablutions Narrated Ibn Umar: It used to be that men and women would perform ablutions together in the time of the Messenger of Allahs assembly. (Bukhari: 1: Ch. 45, Book of Ablution) Womens Right of Proposal Narrated Sahl: A woman came to the Prophet, and presented herself to him (for marriage). He said, I am not in need of women these days. Then a man said, O Allahs Apostle! Marry her to me. The Prophet asked him, What have you got? He said, I have got nothing. The Prophet said, Give her something, even an iron ring. He said, I have got nothing. The Prophet asked (him), How much of the Quran do you know (by heart)? He said, So much and so much. The Prophet said, I have married her to you for what you know of the Quran. (Bukhari Volume 7, Book 62, Number 72) Womens Right of Permission Narrated Abu Huraira: The Prophet said, A matron should not be given in marriage except after consulting her; and a virgin should not be given in marriage except after her permission. The people asked, O Allahs Apostle! How can we know her permission? He said, Her silence (indicates her permission). (Bukhari Volume 7, Book 62, Number 67) The Right of Women not to be Forced Narrated Ibn Abbas: Bariras husband was a slave called Mughith, as if I am seeing him now, going behind Barira and weeping with his tears flowing down his beard. The Prophet said to Abbas, O Abbas ! are you not astonished at the love of Mughith for Barira and the hatred of Barira for Mughith? The Prophet then said to Barira, Why dont you return to him? She said, O Allahs Apostle! Do you order me to do so? He said, No, I only intercede for him. She said, I am not in need of him. (Bukhari: Volume 7, Book 63, Number 206) The Characteristics of a Believing Man Narrated AbuHurayrah: Allahs Messenger (pbuh) said: a believing man should not hate a believing woman; if he dislikes one of her characteristics, he will be pleased with another. (Muslim Book 8, Number 3469) The Education of Women Narrated Abu Said: A woman came to Allahs Apostle and said, O Allahs Apostle! Men (only) benefit by your teachings, so please devote to us from (some of) your time, a day on which we may come to you so that you may teach us of what Allah has taught you. Allahs Apostle said, Gather on such-and-such a day at such-and-such a place. They gathered and Allahs Apostle came to them and taught them of what Allah had taught him. (Bukhari Volume 9, Book 92, Number 413) On the Treatment of Women Narrated Muawiyah al-Qushayri: I went to the Apostle of Allah (pbuh) and asked him: What do you say (command) about our wives? He replied: Give them food what you have for yourself, and clothe them by which you clothe yourself, and do not beat them, and do not revile them. (Sunan Abu Dawud: Book 11, Number 2139) The best of you is one who is best towards his family and I am best towards the family. (At-Tirmithy). None but a noble man treats women in an honourable manner. And none but an ignoble treats women disgracefully. (At-Tirmithy). A Husbands Attitude Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA) said that a man came to his house to complain about his wife. On reaching the door of his house, he hears Umars wife shouting at him and reviling him. Seeing this, he was about to go back, thinking that Umar himself was in the same position and, therefore, could hardly suggest any solution for his problem. Umar (RA) saw the man turn back, so he called him and enquired about the purpose of his visit. He said that he had come with a complaint against his wife, but turned back on seeing the Caliph in the same position. Umar (RA) told him that he tolerated the excesses of his wife for she had certain rights against him. He said, Is it not true that she prepares food for me, washes clothes for me and suckles my children, thus saving me the expense of employing a cook, a washerman and a nurse, though she is not legally obliged in any way to do any of these things? Besides, I enjoy peace of mind because of her and am kept away from indecent acts on account of her. I therefore tolerate all her excesses on account of these benefits. It is right that you should also adopt the same attitude. quoted in Rahman, Role of Muslim Women page 149 The Prophets Disapproval of Women Beaters Patient behavior was the practice of the Prophet, even when his wife dared to address him harshly. Once his mother-in-law- saw her daughter strike him with her fist on his noble chest. When the enraged mother -in-law began to reproach her daughter, the Prophet smilingly said, Leave her alone; they do worse than that. And once Abu Bakr, his father-in-law, was invited to settle some misunderstanding between him and Aishah. The Prophet said to her, Will you speak, or shall I speak? Aisha said, You speak, but do not say except the truth. Abu Bakr was so outraged that he immediately struck her severely, forcing her to run and seek protection behind the back of the Prophet. Abu Bakr said, O you the enemy of herself! Does the Messenger of Allah say but the truth? The Prophet said, O Abu Bakr, we did not invite you for this [harsh dealing with Aishah], nor did we anticipate it. quoted in: Mutual Rights and Obligations http://www.allaahuakbar.net/womens/women_sharia_and_oppression.htm A lot of attention has been focused on the issue of Muslim women and human rights since September 11, almost all of it by non Muslims. Once again, images of women swathed in black veils or blue burqas are de rigeur, as the media soberly reminds us that Muslim women are not considered equals to men in Islam, and that they are oppressed even by the moderate regimes in the Muslim world. From the Muslims, we have one of two reactions. The first is the reaction of the liberal, reformist, secular Muslims. They believe that Sharia oppresses women, and that we need to completely overhaul it, or toss out sections of the Quran that are uncomfortable, or institute secular forms of government that separate the sacred from the legal all together. These are the same Muslims who equate Hijab with oppression, and who support the denial of free speech rights to Islamists (all the while, crying for their rights to free speech in countries where it is denied). They take their political thought not from Islamic sources, but from feminism, socialism, and capitalism. Naturally, it is to these Muslims that the Western media turns when it wants a Muslim perspective on Muslim issues. On the other side, we have the organizers of the mainstream conservative Muslims, the leaders of our civic societies, advocacy groups, and associations. When presented with instances of womens oppression in the Islamic world, these Muslims, almost always men, respond defensively. They cart out examples of womens oppression in the Western world, or worse, they address the issue by lecturing the questioner about the virtues of the Ideal Place of Women in Ideal Islam. In other words, they treat the ideal that we are all aspire to as the reality on the ground. Pressed into taking a stand on real life issues, they retreat in anger. Thats culture, not Islam, it has nothing to do with me as a Muslim, they sniff. Who speaks for them? Most often, it is the United Nations, human rights groups, and feminist organizations, led by people who have no foundations of knowledge in Islam, and who often have a real antipathy for Islam. While the Feminist Majority Fund was selling swatches of burqa and petitioning the government for action on behalf of Afghan women, the leaders of our Islamic societies stayed silent. Publicly, many Islamic leaders and organizations disassociated themselves from the Taliban, but other than denying them entry into the Organization of Islamic Conferences (OIC), they took no action to petition the Taliban for change from an Islamic view, or form any sort of Islamic opposition. Perhaps this is because when any Islamic organization or individual Muslim attempts to change or speak out about injustices towards Muslim women, the rest of the community circles the wagons. These lone souls are labeled radical feminists, and accused of attempting to undermine Islam. Strangely, when a Muslim womans Islamic rights are violated, many organizations are eager to speak out and petition. For example, when Merve Kavacki was denied her seat in the Turkish Parliament because of her headscarf (and later stripped of her citizenship), Muslim groups were quick to condemn the Turkish government, as they should have. In many Western Muslim circles, Merve has been elevated to a symbol of the struggle muhajabat women face in secular societies. Yet there is a resounding silence when the issue being raised is Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), honor killings, forced marriages, the unequal application of hadd punishments on women, or the denial of education to girls and women. All of these wrongs are perpetrated on women in the name of Islam. While it is true that many of these violations occur across cultural and religious boundaries, the only action often taken by conservative Muslims is a condemnation of the action because it is cultural and not Islamic. Meanwhile, women continue to be murdered and little girls continue to be mutilated. In Africa, conservative sheikhs teamed up with womens rights advocates to educate people about the harms of Female Genital Mutilation. These people get very little mention in the Western media, which, of course, paints the Islamists as the opponents of an enlightened, secular minority of liberal Muslims. About a year ago, a small band of conservative Muslim women, almost all of us from the West, came up with the idea of starting a Muslim womens human rights group, to petition and advocate for the rights of Muslim women as they are given in the Sharia of Islam. Although slow to start, we have managed to form a basis from which to work, and have taken up our first case. Right now, a Muslim woman in Nigeria is under a death sentence from the Sharia court for the crime of adultery. The situation came to the attention of the authorities when the man who impregnated her decided to confess his crime to the police, rather than pay the child support that her father asked of him. There are many glaring errors in the case, from a classical, Orthodox fiqh point of view. These errors (which would aid the woman) are not coming from a reformist reinterpretation of Sharia, these errors are so great that any of the qadis of the past would have thrown the case against her out. Prophet Mohammed, sallalahu aleyhi wa salaam, was mocked and assaulted because of his strong and courageous stance on the status of women. He came with a message that lifted women up and gave them dignity. Fourteen hundred years later, we have descended back into the dark pit of Jahiliya, and Muslim women around the world find themselves cast into the same slavery that the Prophet, sallalahu aleyhi wa salaam, was sent to liberate them from. It does not make you a radical feminist to decry honor killings and volunteer for peaceful campaigns to educate and change laws. Raising your voice against Female Genital Mutilation does not mean you want to undermine Islam. To the contrary, working against these injustices in the way of Allah is a manifestation of the desire to uplift Islam and the Muslim people. When the Taliban decided to deny education to any girl over a certain age, it is the conservative Muslims, the ones who profess adherence to Quran and Sunnah that should have spoken the loudest against this. The longer we stay silent, the more people, both Muslim and non Muslim, will begin to equate Sharia with the oppression of women.

Dominos Pizza Is A Food Industry Commerce Essay

Dominos Pizza Is A Food Industry Commerce Essay Dominos Pizza is a food industry and this is a universal  pizza supply  organization. Its headquartered in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. This organization Established in 10 June 1960, in Ypsilanti, Michigan by the two brothers Tom Monaghanand J. Patrick Doyle. It is the second-largest pizza manacle in the United States after the pizza hut. It has more than 9,700 community and authorized stores  in 70 countries and all 50 U.S. states. There is near to 145,000 workers working in this pizzas stores all over world. The menu types equally veggie and meat pizzas, chicken wings and boneless chicken, snacks, pasta, stuffed cheesy breads and a range of dessert stuffs, containing cinnamon sticks and brown lava cubes and a range of soft juices, including Coca-Cola, Fanta, Sprite. (en.wikipedia.org, 2012) I am making this assessment on Onehunga (nz) Dominos. 1-14 waipaulane, Onehunga. New Zealand Phone:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0210601627 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ORGANISATION STRUCTURE AND COMMUNICATION CHANNELS. In this dominos pizza organization they have flat organization structure. There are 14 workers working under the store manager. Store manager handle the all staff. The massage goes throw the hierarchy system top to bottom and bottom to top level. In this report I am writing about the organization structure and its communication channels how they communicate with each other. Lines of communication are very formal in this organization its top to bottom and bottom to top in the organization. WORK TEAMS AND GROUP DYNAMICS. In this dominos pizza organization they have very good work team and their group dynamics are very nice. All the staffs do work as a family and try to give their best performance for the company by their communication skills. In this dominos they have hierarchy type of structure in their organization. In this report I am going to write about the work team of the organization and group dynamics. Their team is formed in hierarchy structure like their head office then all franchise then each franchise had one store manager then two manager then crew staff in crew staff they have drivers, customer services representative, pizza cutter and pizza make. Franchise led by head office and store manager and manager are led and managed by franchise and rest of staff are lead and managed by managers. STAKEHOLDER COMMUNICATION. In this company their communication with their stakeholder is awesome. Because they do not have any barrier between their communication. They talk to their stakeholders directly. In this report I will describe how they communicate with their stakeholders and which communication channel they use. The stake holders of the company are Bidvest who provide them all pizza food stuff, pre-produce who provide them all vegetable products, steam-line who provide them all type of papers like epitome rolling paper. ORGANISATION CULTURE, INTERCULTURE COMMUNICATION, ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES. In new Zealand there is different is different cultural people living. In a multicultural country like New Zealand which is home for many different cultures communication have been a challenge for organisations. In this organization there are also many types of person work who belongs to the different cultures. In this report I will describe how they impact on the industry. The store has clear and well-communicated goals, their vision number one in pizza number one in people and mission is sell more pizza, have more fun. All team members take their responsibilities to achieve their mission and vision. COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND TOOLS. In this company they have a fabulous communication technologies and tools. Which help them to improve the communication skills and trained their staff as well. On other hand they up to date their staff by these technologies. In this report I will explain how the technologies help them to improve their business and trained their staff. The technologies they are using in their business, computer and internet used in store, they have their own server and printing and scanners, all technologies are up to date, they received online order and also now people can use android application on phone to put the orders. FINDINGS. I got the all information about this organization from the manager of the company. This is my primary source of information no secondary source of information in these findings. ORGANISATION STRUCTURE COMMUNICATION CHANNELS. The manager told me that they have top to bottom structure in this company. And message goes throw the top to bottom and bottom to top step by step. The lines of reporting are quite straight forward in this organization. Figure MESSAGE MESSAGE TOP LEVEL MESSAGE MIDDLE LEVEL MESSAGE BOTTOM LEVEL He told me that in the organization all staff members understand the importance of their communication roles. He told me that at the top level they have their head office they send them all the new policies of dominos and then franchise review the polices and discus with manager then he explain and discuss information with his bottom level staff. So it goes step by step at different level. They have very effective and beneficial opportunities for top- down and down-up communication, like their head office call them for special pizza classes and their crew staff give the suggestion how they can do more cleaning and manage the store. They do face to face communication emails and send text massage to inform their staff. He told me that there is grapevine going in their store but it is positive they discuss how they can increase the sales and how they can more effectively manage the store. WORK TEAMS AND GROUP DYNAMICS. He told me that in this company they have very nice formed team, who do work together as family. He gave me the information about their team structure that our team is formed in hierarchy structure like our head office, then all franchise then each franchise had one store manager then two manager then crew staff in crew staff we have drivers, customer services representative , pizza cutter and pizza maker. Franchise led by head office and store manager and manager are led and managed by franchise and rest of staff are lead and managed by managers. He told me that they all do work as strong team to ensure productive team performance. They do work as a team so they can get their mission and vision to sale maximum pizzas in the world. When I asked the manager about the initiates all allocates task to staff then manager told me that he initiates all allocates task to staff like who will make the pizza, who will be cutter, staff members are maintain their task which is assigned by manager s. Team output is measured at the end of shift like we make our customer happy with our service we provide pizza on time etc. when I asked him about the how team work well in the practice? Are positive team dynamics evident? Then he told me that we have trained staff so we will do effective efficient and well work in real practice. So they can provide a good service to the customer. I asked him if team does the good work or give the good performance for the company is he or she rewarded then he gave the answer Yes, we declare month of the employee and give him/her 20 dollar voucher as e rewarded. So they can motivate for the company and can do better next time for the company. STAKEHOLDER COMMUNICATION. Manager gave me the information about the stakeholder communication that they communicate with the stakeholder very easily. He told me that they communicate with suppliers who supply them pizzas stuff and other things via emails and via phone calls. They order them email then they do not need urgent things but when they need some stuff urgently then they communicate with them on phones so they can provide the things as soon as possible. When I asked them who are the stakeholders of your company then he told me that customer, suppliers, employees etc. are the stakeholder of their company. Then I asked him that who is the suppliers of your company? Who provide you food stuff? Then he gave me the answer that Bidvest who provide us all pizza food stuff, Pre-produce who provide us all vegetable products, Steam-line who provide us all type of papers like epitomes rolling paper. These are the supplier of the dominos pizza. After that I asked them that how effective is this communication in practice? How do people outside the organisation perceive it? Then gave the answer that Emails or internet communication is very effective communication in practice because in single second they received our request and also give us response. People outside the organisation perceive positive communication. ORGNISATION CULTURE, INTERCULTURAL CMMUNICATION, ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES. Manager told me that organization culture employee obligations are very clear in the organization. The  purpose  of an  organization  is to achieve the goals and objectives as indicated within the  organizations  vision statement. To provide the good customer service is our main purpose and to win hearts by serving delicious Pizzas. When I asked him that does the organization have clear and well-communicated goals? Then he said to me that Yes our store has clear and well-communicated goals. All staff members are trained and they know that how to deal with customers and how to handle the any situation because they all are experienced persons. After that I asked him that what is the vision and mission of your organization. Then he gave me the answer that our vision is that our pizza will number one in people and our mission is sell more and more pizzas how many we can sell and have more fun during the work with each other mean enjoy the work so they can do their work good and easily. He told me that all members of the organization take their responsibilities to achieve our mission and vision. The managers of the organization are well qualified and trained and experienced real leader, they understand leadership and knows what leadership is. He gave me the information about the rules and regulations which are govern this organizations business activities. He said to me that different laws and regulations are governed in dominos pizza. I asked him about the How are issues of privacy, defamation and copyright handled? And he gave me the answer that we do not share personal information of our staff with other organisation and told me that all our staff is well aware of legal responsibilities. They all know about the rules and regulations which are governed in this organization. COMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES TOOLS. I collect the information from the interview that in this organization they use the technology and tool for the good communication. Computer and internet used in store, they have their own server and printing and scanner, all technology are up to date, they received online order and also told me that now people can use android application on phone to put the orders. They also use the technologies in staff training they have online training site where their head office put all the training stuff and they do it online and put it in real practice. Staffs are already trained in communication and other key procedures. All staff has clear guideline for internal and external communication, they put information on their web site and send the email to their staff and in the store they put information on the notice board so the staff can know about their guideline for the both type of factors. I asked him how the organization manages its own information base its core data. Is it secure? Then he gave me the answer that we managed our data in our computer database which is very secure because our information technology department take care of it. Conclusions. In this report in the conclusion I am using primary and secondary both resources. ORGANISATION STRUCTURE COMMUNICATION CHANNELS. In this organization they are using the flat organization structure, which is showing down:- Figure Organization chart is like this in this organization. HEAD OFFICE Franchise Franchise Franchise STORE MANAGER STORE MANAGER STORE MANAGER MANAGER MANAGER MANAGER MANAGER MANAGER MANAGER STAFF CREW STAFF STAFF CREW STAFF STAFF CREW STAFF In this organization they have a flat organization structure. According to the manager they communicate with each other top to bottom and bottom to top. This structure is very good structure for a small business. The advantages of this structure are like that first of all this is very cheap for the company because in this structure they have not more managers thats why they have to pay less to the managers because they have not many managers. It makes less intensities of organisation.  For example:- LOWER LEVEL MIDDEL LEVEL TOP LEVELFigure In this organization they can do work and take resolutions of any problem easily and rapidly because there is less stages of supervisions. Thirdly wild and strong communiquà © is probable amongst these rare stages of controlling. This structure has many disadvantages as well. Like in this structure there is less manager but has lots of staff thats why manager can lose monitoring over the staff. Secondly the self-restraint in the group may be corrupt due to miss resistor. Thirdly the relationships amongst the bosses and assistants may be ruthless. Local and familiar relationships may not be conceivable. (Akrani, 2011). In this organization they have good staff so they have not any this type of problem with the staff. So this structure is good for this company. WORK TEAMS GROUP DYNAMICS. Communication is the silver lining of team formation and conflict management in any organisation. Effective team work is essential for the achievement of the organisations goals and objectives. If there will be effective communication amongst the team members there will be honesty, integrity and openness which increases the competency of the team members. The result is that their productivity increases which in turn increases the productivity of the organisation. Effective communication plays an important role in a team formation. If there is effective communication in the team the members co-operate, collaborate, cohesive and are committed to the team. Thus, developing and promoting team communication is important in the company. The management should develop strategies aimed at building team communication which ultimately will increase the productivity of the organisation. Team conflict is team members awareness of discrepancies, incompatible wishes which they perceive are irreconcilable (Bowditch, 2008).In this company they are following the hierarchical communication structure. It has many advantages like all the staff know that to whom they have to report about his or her work. Thats why there is no problem create in the communication between the staff because all know about their own work. Bigger groups must achieve a diversity of responsibilities, reaching from social incomes and office to promotion and buying. The ordered organization splits these parts of anxiety into several division conformations that concentrate. Concentration tolerates administrations to focus on certain ability collections and capitals to attain extreme productivity. On the other hand it has lots of disadvantages like ordered organizations have a habit of familiarize gradually to altering wishes. Administrative groups, for sample, regularly arise below passion for keeping f ilms of bureaucracy that prevent variation. Groups that cannot adjust to new marketplace anxieties or progressing machineries in stride with or onward of other groups frequently finish up relegated. This problematic interrupts sufficient societies that a whole pitch of education, named modification administration, has settled. The other disadvantage is that the achievement of an association often rest on the superiority of interior message within it. As categorized structural have a habit of network announcement straight up, interdepartmental or inter-agency announcement hurts. Departmental speciality can top to communiquà © obstacles when no common mumbo jumbo happens that tolerates followers of altered sections to connect on the similar side by side. In worst-case situations, branches resolutely refuse info from every one. (www.ehow.com, 2012). In this organization these kinds of problems can be created in the communication. This structure is a good structure but as well as harmful structure for the company. STAKEHOLDER COMMUNICATION. It is rightly said that it takes years to build a good reputation and seconds to ruin it (Suzanne McDonald). In this organization they are using the emails and phone calls to communicate with the stakeholders like with the supplier they send them the order list via emails some time they call them in the urgent order and with the customer they attend the call of their customer and take the order what they want to eat and get the online orders from their customer as well. This is the technologies which they are using in their business this is good but it has some disadvantages as well. For example advantages are emails are very low-priced and wild way for the organization for send the orders to the suppliers but disadvantage is some time the suppliers got too many emails from the different-different clients thats why they can-not read the emails on time, if you need the order quickly it got delay so which can harmful for the business (www.time-management-success.com, 2012). But they have very good communication with their customer and suppliers. They ask feedback to customers about their services and the quality of pizzas because if there have any problem or complaint, so they can deal with it and solve it as soon as possible. They also give to customers a large variety of different pizzas according to their needs and home delivery. They greet the customer with smile. They provide them good service, good quality pizzas. Different parts of stores are located in different parts of the city there is only one owner, but each part of the store is being assigned a manage r. To communicate with them they use different type of method like verbal method as there is a meeting in each weekend in which all the employees (part time or full time) are participated and all the managers get together and discuss about the various promotions so that they can satisfy the need of the customers. Feedback is one of the most important part which they use to communicate with the customers if they have any opinion about anything they use a blog so that they can tell them about the various things and on the same blog they can use it as to promote different types of pizzas. They communicate with each other via texting and via call during their work. They can talk with the customer so they can get the ideas of the customer so they can increase sales of their store. ORGANISATION CULTURE, INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION, ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES. Jawaharlal Nehru on one of his visits to America said If we seek to understand a person, we have to try to put ourselves, as far as we can, in that particular historical and cultural background.It is not easy for a person of one country to enter into the background of another country (Adler, 2008). All business processes involves communication at all levels of the organisation. In a multicultural country like New Zealand which is home for many different cultures communication have been a challenge for organisations. In this organization there is many workers are working right now from different cultures which include Maoris, Asians, Middle Eastern, South Africans, Kiwis and many more ethnic communities. All of them share different cultural values and beliefs. For this the managers have to first know what they dont know and attempt to understand their employees from different cultures. There have been many instances in the company when most of the employees face language barriers. This is so because of the difference in the English language accent of the employees and the clients. So it creates the problems in the organization but they give the training to the staff so they have not any communication problem with the staff, with the customer and with the suppliers. They all have their clear and well-communicated goals, they have the vision that they want to become number one pizza in the world and around the people. They have the mission to sell maximum pizza how much they can. In the end of this part I want to say that there are many berries in the communication but they have well educated staff and well educated leaders who knows about the leadership they can handle the situation e asily. They do work together as family so they help each other if they have any problem with the communication. COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND TOOLS. All occupation and its several constituents include knowledge and appreciative in edict to whole its duties on an everyday source (Cohn, 2000). Communication technologies and tools are that which technologies use in the organization to improve the business and to communicate with the employees, customers, suppliers etc. They are using the technologies computers, internet, phones etc. Computer and internet used in store, they have their own server and printing and scanner, all technology are up to date, they received online order and also now people are using android application on phone to put the orders. They are using the technology to giving the training to the staff for example they have their own web site where the candidate can get the training their head office put the stuff on the site for up to date to the candidate so they can be up to date. They give the orders to their suppliers via emails and via phone these technologies they are using in the company. These technologies helping them to improve their business and to achieve their mission and vision too. If they have any information which is very necessary to know for the staff then vie emails they send them that information. In this organization they are mostly use internet which is very cheap way for contact with anybody and some time they use phones in emergencies. RECOMMENDATIONS. ORGANISATION STRUCTURE COMMUNICATION CHANNELS. Based from observation and secondary interview, lack of parking space will result to less customers and limited time for them to stay at the store to eat. More parking is recommended to make their customer stay larger and learn more about how the organization works and communicate. Interaction with the staff will encourage them to go back on a regular customer. WORK TEAMS GROUP DYNAMICS. I observed that the company is using a formal way of communication, this is effective in their daily operation, let there must be an outlet for them outside work to relax such as having picnic, coffee, company outing etc. This will enhance them from stress and work related problems. This also promotes teamwork and group dynamics. STAKEHOLDER COMMUNICATION. The management should be more open with the customer feedback and competitions strategy. Talking with them openly will make them gather data that can help them for improvement. Whether a goods, product services or facility reconstruction. Communication will be the key for them to succeed in their operations. ORGANISATION CULTURE, INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION, ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES. Less space at dining area will minimise their stay and wont attract family members. Adding and arranging the set up will promote healthy environment open to any age group. Having family members in the store will give them time to share their culture. Employees will likewise improve their customer service. Manager can monitor their ethical conduct by observing how the staff in tract with the customers. . COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND TOOLS. They should have weekly meeting about the improvement for the store. This will let them share their ideas and information to the employees. Use of memo through online will also be an option for the management. VALUE TO ORGANIZATION. The findings about the organization structure communication channels, teamwork and group dynamics, stakeholder communication, organization culture and technologies and tools will help the company identity what improvements they need to do this research will give the management an idea and relevant information about where they stand and have a focus on how to improve their communication skills, get themselves updated on what is going on to the market and by doing these changes that the researcher (ME) recommended, more customer will be attract to go the store, resulting to great profit for the company.

Investigate the rate of reaction between Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochl

Investigate the rate of reaction between Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid at different concentrations Aim: To Investigate the rate of reaction between Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid at different concentrations. Background Knowledge: I know from my knowledge of science, that by adding together a carbonate and an acid, that a salt, water and Carbon Dioxide are produced. Therefore in order to measure the rate of reaction, one of these products needs to be measured, and the rate at which it is produced can be used to define the rate of the reaction. The methods that can be used are either to measure the mass of the solution at intervals. Or to measure the produce of gas (Carbon Dioxide). Prediction: Using the known formula: ACID + CARBONATE SALT + CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER I can predict the reaction of my experiment to be: HYDROCHLORIC + CALCIUM Ã   CALCIUM + WATER + CARBON ACID CARBONATE CHLORIDE DIOXIDE The Chemical Formula is listed below: 2HCl + CaCO3 CaCl2 + H20 + CO2 I think that as the molarity of the acid goes up, the amount of gas produced will also go up. I have based this on my knowledge that calcium carbonate does not react in water. Therefore in solutions with little acid and more water, the calcium carbonate will not react as much as it would in pure acid for example. To make each of the different strengths of the acid, water is added to a solution of 2M hydrochloric acid. Therefore in the 0.2 value, there will be a lot of water, and so it is not expected that much gas will be produced. My predicted graph shows what I expect. On the x-axis, as the molarity increases, the gas produced on the y-axis does likewise. However there will be a point reached where the maximum limit of gas has been prod... ...a clear trend that as the molarity of the acid increases, the volume of carbon dioxide will also do the same. There is an even trend going up, with a straight line to fit as the line of best fit. The reason for this pattern is the same as that that was made in the prediction. As the concentration of the acid increases, there are more HCl molecules and so there is more chance of the calcium carbonate molecules colliding with these and so reacting to form calcium chloride. With the reaction occurring more often, the products will form in a greater quantity and so more carbon dioxide is produced. This reflects the rate of the reaction on the graph and proves my prediction and its theory correct. Evaluation: As the experiment was computer generated, it simulated how the experiment would have been conducted. It accounted for human errors in all aspects of the expriment.

Book Review: International Conflict Resolution Essay

The first chapter of the book talks about the peace-making and de-escalation strategies. It discusses the theoretical approaches of statism, pluralism and populism in reference to the international conflict. The author of the book convinces the reader that effective conflict resolution should make use of convincing power and positive sanctions. Therefore, he argues that win-win solutions are achievable in international conflict. In the second chapter the relation of US and USSR and cases of Middle East are used to observe the de-escalation efforts. The third chapter takes the example of US-USSR and Arab-Israel de-escalation activities to present some chronologies. Four de-escalation patterns are identified using these chronologies: frequency of initiatives, multiple de-escalation initiatives, and activity level of activity among conflicting countries. In chapter four the author explains the reasons of de-escalation activities and its timings. Factors such as domestic situation, international perspective, and associations between conflicting parties are the presented in this chapter. (Conflict Research Consortium Staff, 2010) Chapter five explains the process of initiating the process of negotiation. The author explores different initiatives and tells which ones are more effective for negotiations. The chapter brings into light the factors resulting in negotiations between conflicting parties. Chapter six explores the negotiation process completely. Kriesberg presents the example of US-USSR and Arab-Israel to analyze different negotiated agreements (Mitchell, 1996). Taking into account these examples, the author creates guidelines for effective negotiations. In chapter seven the author describes the consequences of negotiations. It identifies the effective negotiations leading to long-term de-escalation efforts. Chapter eights draws on the conclusion of peace making efforts. With the help of his findings, he concludes the way in which some countries improve their relations and others still remain conflicted. The last chapter analyzes the impacts of conflicts between nations. The author explains the cost that the countries have to bear and presents policies. In the end, the author comes up with the relationship between peace-making and de-escalation (Conflict Research Consortium Staff, 2010). This book is a comprehensive study of international conflict de-escalation process. With the use of chronologies and tables, the author makes the study more meaningful and easy to understand. It contributes to the study of international relations by presenting a conflict resolution perspective. The book addresses the issue which needs future consideration. Kriesberg’s work lacks theoretical implication but it is practical. International conflict resolution is pioneered in this work and brought it into consideration. The author presents his idea in a persuasive way and explains easily why some inflicts are protracted. The book provides some useful concepts to resolve conflicts and peace-making policies (Simon, 1994). However, book limits itself in providing propositions about the irreversible and complex processes. It raises some important issues like what are the conditions that result in de-escalation initiatives? In what conditions these initiatives leads to negotiations? And finally, how these negotiations results in agreements? The author is successfully able to answer these questions in an effective way (Holsti, 1993). Strengths and Weaknesses of the Book The book is a well organized and well-written by the author. It provides sound understanding of the arguments presented by the author. The unique feature of this book is that the author is able to identify the impacts of agreements. He is able to put forward the questions that are critical to international relations and are helpful in peace-making agreements. However, the methodology adopted in evaluating these questions is off-putting but comes up with some effective conclusions and future policies. Moreover, Kriesberg is not able to justify the causes of failed negotiations and some successful initiatives (Holsti, 1993). Hence, the book faces some validity issues. The analysis throughout the book is enriched by historical references and material representing opportunities and constraints, both in international and domestic context. The author emphasizes that good will and the positive attitude of the people is critical to negotiations. It encourages them and motivates them to work in the right direction and reaching some agreements. Therefore, the book is less controversial and is able to present a broader and positive view of the author. Another advantage of this book is that it provides references according to the context that helps in the better understanding of the arguments and provides the author an easy way to justify his reasoning. The historical material enhances the validity of the content presented in the book. The approach adopted by the author is to provide long lasting solutions to the problems, which is a more practical approach. Kriesberg in this book is able to provide approaches that are complete in nature as many authors have been providing approaches that do contribute a lot but are incomplete. Kriesberg has clearly presented the strengths and weaknesses of the concepts and approaches that he has used in the book. However, due to the use of just two major conflicts, the issue of comparison arises. The drawback of the book is that the language used in the book is difficult to understand by the reader, however, the content of the book is highly informative, providing insight into the subject. By dividing the book into number of chapters, the book is presented in a proper flow that makes the understanding much easier.

The Factors Influencing The Mpemba Effect Essays

The Factors Influencing The Mpemba Effect Essays The Factors Influencing The Mpemba Effect Paper The Factors Influencing The Mpemba Effect Paper The Mpemba Effect is a phenomenon in which hot H2O freezes faster than cold H2O. This phenomenon was discovered in Tanzania, Africa, by a high school pupil named Mpemba. ( Kurtus ) Conduction, convection, radiation, and vaporization are methods through which heat can be transferred from one substance to another and are necessary in understanding the Mpemba Effect. When an object or liquid is at a different temperature than its milieus, heat transportation occurs so that all the organic structure and its milieus become in a province of thermic equilibrium. This means that they are all at the same temperature. ( Heat transportation: Wikipedia ) Heat is continuously being transferred throughout our environment all the clip. Heat is normally transferred from high temperature objects to take down temperature objects. An illustration of this is when stepping on hot sand. The heat transportations from the hot sand to the ice chest object which is the pess. Heat transportations from certain stuffs better than others, for illustration, glass or plastics. If several objects that do non hold the same temperatures come in contact with each other, the heater objects turn ice chest and ice chest objects turn heater. ( Hewitt 270 ) When the transportation of heat occurs through direct contact it is called conductivity. When heat is being transferred by conductivity, atoms vibrate against each other. For illustration, when an eating utensil such as a spoon is placed in hot soup the utensil gets warmer because the heat from the soup is being transferred onto the spoon. Conduction is much better in solids because atoms in a solid are in changeless contact, whereas in liquids and gases the molecules are normally non as near, cut downing the possibility of the molecules to clash and go through thermic energy. Metallic elements are most of the clip the best music directors of thermic energy due to the manner metals are bonded. They contain more free moving negatrons and are hence able to reassign energy rapidly through the metal. ( Heat transportation: Wikipedia ) For illustration, when one terminal of an Fe nail is placed over a fire, it will rapidly go excessively hot to keep due to the many free traveling negatron s carry oning heat. As the denseness of the object decreases, so does its conduction, hence fluids and gases are less conductive than metals. ( Hewitt 271 ) When heat is transferred by motion of warmed affair it is called convection. It is the transportation of thermic energy in a gas or liquid by motion of currents. For illustration, when heating H2O in a pan, the molecules at the underside of the pan becomes less heavy and are pushed up by denser ice chest fluids that take up its topographic point at the underside of the pan. ( Kurtus 2002 ) Convection can do circulation in a liquid, as in the warming pot of H2O over a fire. As the het H2O expands and becomes less heavy it rises. The ice chest more heavy H2O near the surface so drops and forms of circulation can organize. The possibility of convection occurs in all fluids, whether they are liquids or gases. Convection besides occurs in a gas. Warm air rises because it is less heavy than the ice chest air, hence drifting upward. ( Heat transportation: Wikipedia ) Radiation is electromagnetic moving ridges that transport energy straight, through infinite. Sunlight is a signifier of radiation that is radiated through infinite to Earth. This heat is non transferred through conductivity because nil is touching the Sun to our planet for conductivity to be possible. Convection is non possible for conveying heat to the Earth since there are no fluids in infinite. The Sun transportations heat through 90 three stat mis of infinite! It is all radiation that brings heat to our planet. ( Mansfield ) This energy is called beaming energy. Radiant energy comes in the signifier of electromagnetic moving ridges. Electromagnetic moving ridges include: microwaves, wireless moving ridges, infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation, X rays, seeable visible radiation, and gamma beams. ( Hewitt 275 ) The Earth freshnesss and emits radiant energy. This freshness is nons of radiant heat are the firing coals in a hearth, a lamp fibril, and the Sun. They all emit infrar ed radiation and seeable visible radiation. When some of this energy falls on other objects, some of the energy is reflected and some absorbed. The captive energy increases the internal energy of the objects. ( Hewitt 276 ) A alteration from a liquid to gas that takes topographic point on the surface of a liquid is called vaporization. When the temperature of a liquid increases, its molecules move all about and run into each other and travel at different velocities. Molecules at the surface of the liquid addition in kinetic energy by being hit by molecules from below and may acquire adequate energy to interrupt away from the liquid, and wing off, turning into vapour, this is vaporization. ( Hewitt 288 ) An illustration of vaporization is a puddle of H2O on a pavement and one time the H2O is warmed by the Sun, the H2O molecules at the surface of the H2O flight and turn into a gas. Vaporization trades with the energy of single molecules and non about the mean energy of a system. Not all molecules in a liquid have the same energy. Not all molecules have the same sum of energy. In order for a molecule to vaporize and go forth the liquid to turn into a gas it must foremost derive adequate energy. The rate of vaporization can besides go faster with a lessening in gas force per unit area around the liquid. ( Chem4kids.com ) The Mpemba Effect was discovered by a high school pupil named Erasto Mpemba from Tanzania, Africa in 1963. While in the procedure of doing ice pick, Mpemba noticed this phenomenon. He and his co-workers were utilizing a mixture which included boiling milk. They were supposed to wait until their mixture cooled because they were told that hot objects could damage the icebox. However, Mpemba recognizing that infinite was scarce in the icebox put his hot mixture in without leting it to chill. A small subsequently he realized that his hot mixture froze foremost. He told his instructor of his findings, of which his instructor told him that he must be confused. It took several old ages before university professors accepted his find. It is under certain conditions affecting methods of how heat is transferred that the consequence could take topographic point. ( Science Buddies ) The phenomenon, while simple to depict, is deceivingly complex, and illustrates legion of import issues about the scientific method: the function of incredulity in scientific enquiry, the influence of theory on experiment and observation, the demand for preciseness in the statement of a scientific hypothesis, and the nature of falsifiability. ( Jeng 1 ) When Mpemba was doing ice pick and made his find he was nt utilizing a timer, but he was smart plenty to detect the difference in stop deading times. ( School for Champions ) At first the Mpemba Effect seems impossible, how does H2O that s warmer freezing faster than H2O that s colder? However there are many different factors that determine whether or non the Mpemba Effect will be successful. There exists a set of initial parametric quantities ( H2O mass, gas content of H2O, container form and type, and infrigidation method ) , and a brace of temperatures, such that given two organic structures of H2O indistinguishable in these parametric quantities, and differing merely in their temperatures, the hot one will stop dead Oklahoman. ( Jeng 6 ) Since there are so many factors that can be varied, experiments to turn out the Mpemba Effect frequently lack in consistent consequences. Plants Cited Paul G. Hewitt. Conceptual Physics. San Francisco: Addison-Wesley, 1998. School for Champions. Ron Kurtus. October 2002. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.school-for- champions.com/SCIENCE/Mpemba.htm. Hot Water can stop dead faster than cold? ! ? Monwhea Jeng. 2005. Science Buddies. Andrew Olson, Ph.D. 2007 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/Phys_p032.shtml. ? fave=no . Heat Transfer- Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. 2010 hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer. Heat Transfer. Laurie Jarvis, Deb Simonson. hypertext transfer protocol: //hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/HBASE/thermo/heatra.html. Chem4kids.com. Matter: Vaporization. Andrew Rader Studios. 2009 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_evap.html Convection, Conduction and Radiation. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mansfieldct.org/schhols/MMS/staff/hand/convcondrad.htm

Critical Study of Tourism and negative effect it has on the Environment The WritePass Journal

Critical Study of Tourism and negative effect it has on the Environment Introduction Critical Study of Tourism and negative effect it has on the Environment IntroductionBibliographyRelated Introduction Tourism is a global industry of great economic importance, driven by human desire to  experience  new environments,  be it the natural environment of a tropical beach or the built environment of an old city. People are travelling regularly to different parts of the world for long term stay on different purposes like vacation, business meetings, and recreation is Tourism. These people are usually called as tourist’s .Group of businesses or services which are dependent on tourism is collectively called Tourism Industry .Tourism industry has become one of the rapid growing industry across the world. The demand is increasing day by day. Most tourism places in the world seem to be France, Spain, USA, China, Italy and the UK. (Charmaine 2010) Many countries depend heavily upon travel expenditures by foreigners as a source of taxation and as a source of income for the enterprises. Therefore, the development of tourism is often a strategy to promote a particular region for the purpose of increasing commerce through exporting goods and services. Therefore it provides direct employment for the people associated with occupations in bars and hotels.   The average standard of living of people increases well and at the same time unemployment is on the decrease. However, tourists cause environmental damage through forest fires, destruction of sand dunes and pollution. Consequently this serves negatively as increased pollution disturbs local residents and also it may discourage tourists from further entering the country. After this, tourism undermines culture by commercializing it and this is often connected with increasing litter, graffiti, vandalism and noise tourists do not always respect traditional cultures. There are a number of benefits of tourism for both the tourist and the host destination.   On a large scale it offers a good alternative to some more destructive industries for generating income both on nationally and privately. The tourism industry encompasses many different areas, so it also creates jobs in many different areas.   With tourism come hotels, restaurants, car rental agencies, tour companies, service stations, souvenir shops, sports equipment rentals, and much more.   All of this creates many different levels of employment for people in a given community. Tourism industry is taking advantage of the demand and working more on the development side, and as a result some rural places are also getting developed. The most commonly seen advantages benefits from the Tourism include new jobs, income, and tax revenue to the government. The tourism is also bringing the knowledge of that particular place to the world, and upgrading the local cultural facilities, or an enhancement of regional conservation efforts .Generally, tourism is very profitable in the terms of income for the countries, especially to those which are in the developing stage, as this industry does not require lot of literacy or capital. And it yields good profits with less investment. (Blake and Albache 2008) Tourism provides much needed foreign currency and foreign investment .The economy of third world country can boom through this and the population benefits as well .Development should meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs . So the tourism industry should work today for the better life of future citizens. As the country has more economic sources, now it can be used for the improvements of the infrastructures like roads, transportations and communication links which again will be useful for both the local people and to the tourists. As a result of increased demand of tourism, environmental development issues will be considered by the government to attract tourists. Directly or indirectly Tourism will also be responsible for the improvement of the local education standard. (Debbie 2003) Benefits deriving from tourism development must be balanced against potential negative effects. Jobs in the travel and tourism industry are frequently low-paying and seasonal and often offer limited benefits.   In some cases, particularly where tourism strategies are ineffectual, local residents may have to pay for tourism marketing and infrastructure through higher taxes. Tourism can also increase demand for land in rural areas, which may inflate real estate prices, potentially putting the cost of housing beyond the reach of the average local resident.   This is the case for some amenity-rich tourism destinations, experiencing growth in recent years stemming from recreation-based activities (Brown and Fazzone, 1998). Tourism may directly lead to unsightly sprawl in rural areas by creating a demand for development. Other negative side effects include potentially higher rates of crime and greater demand for local services, such as police and fire protection and sanitation services, which can be expensive to provide.   Also, tourism can risk changing the rural â€Å"sense of place† for some communities. Increased crowding and traffic congestion may also result with an influx of tourists into an area. Greater demand for local arts and crafts can also potentially lead to a lowering of the quality of these products.   Finally, tourism risks degrading natural resources in rural areas unless3 environmental sustainability efforts are undertaken.   Many of these risks, however, can be mitigated if proper planning is employed at the outset of tourism development. (Holden 2007) Sustainable tourism in its purest sense is an industry which attempts to make a low impact on the environment and local culture, while helping to generate income, employment, and the conservation of local ecosystems. It is responsible tourism that is both ecologically and culturally sensitive. (Beech and Chadwick 2005) Sustainable tourism activities have minimal impact on the environment and culture of the host community. According to the World Tourism Organization, sustainable tourism is tourism that leads to the management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems. Taking a leaf from the definition of sustainability itself, sustainable tourism is also defined as a process which meets the needs of the present tourists and host communities whilst protecting and enhancing needs in the future Sustainability principles refer to the environmental, economic, and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development, and a suitable balance must be established between these three dimensions to guarantee its long-term sustainability. (Goodwin 2000) Sustainable Tourism refers to a level of tourism activity that can be maintained over the long term because it results in a net benefit for the social, economic, natural and cultural environments of the area in which it takes place. The United Nations World Tourism Organisation defines sustainable tourism as tourism that meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunity for the future. Rather than being a type of product, it is an ethos that underpins all tourism activities. As such, it is integral to all aspects of tourism development and management rather than being an add-on component The objective of sustainable tourism is to retain the economic and social advantages of tourism development while reducing or mitigating any undesirable impacts on the natural, historic, cultural or social environment. This is achieved by balancing the needs of tourists with those of the destination. Sustainable tourism is tourism that is economically, socio culturally and environmentally sustainable. With sustainable tourism, socio cultural and environmental impacts are neither permanent nor irreversible. (Butler 1999) Bibliography Blake, A., J. S. Arbache, et al. (2008). Tourism and poverty relief. Annals of Tourism Research Available from: http://The Disadvantages of Tourism in Developing Countries | Suite101.com  suite101.com/content/the-disadvantages-of-tourism-in-developing-countries-a292259#ixzz1MQA3Ciue Butler, W. 1999 ’Sustainable tourism’ London: Rutledge. Available from: informaworld.com/10.1080/14616689908721291 Charmaine, M. 2010. ‘Land Pollution Effects on Tourism’ Available from: ehow.com/about_6643366_land-pollution-effects-tourism.html Debbie, S. 2003.’Travel Tourism Marketing’. Available from: travelandtourism.com/10.1300/J073v17n04_05 Goodwin, H. 2000. ‘Tourism and Biodiversity’ Available from: http://egis.cefe.cnrsmop.fr/Tourism%20Frontpages/Boniface%20article.htm Holden, A. 2007. ‘Environment and Tourism’ London: Routledge. Available from:   routledge.com/books/details/9780415399555/